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Gayle Fischer

Gayle Fischer

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Africa
- Central Africa»
  - Angola
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  - Equatorial Guinea
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- North Africa»
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- North America»
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Asia
- Central & Western Asia»
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- Southeast Asia»
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- The Pacific»
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Europe
- Central & Eastern Europe»
  - Albania
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- Western Europe»
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IGOs»
- African Union (AU)
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- Southern African Development Community (SADC)
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- The Commonwealth
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- United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
- United Nations (UN)
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Middle East»
- Bahrain
- Egypt
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Jordan
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- Lebanon
- Oman
- Palestine
- Qatar
- Saudi Arabia
- Syria
- Turkey
- United Arab Emirates
- Yemen

Empires & Eras

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Early Islamic Rule (Arabia, Iraq, Persia)
- Prophet Muḥammad’s Time
- The Sunnī Rightly Guided 4 Caliphs (al-Khulafāʾ al-Rāshidūn)
- The 12 Shīʿī Imāms
Umayyads
- Umayyad East (Iraq, Syria, Arabian Peninsula)
- Umayyad West (Iberian Peninsula, except the north)
ʿAbbāsids
- Caliphs in Iraq
- Caliphs in Cairo
- Sultans in Egypt & Syria
  - Ṭūlūnids (Egypt, Syria)
  - Ikhshidids (Egypt, S Syria)
  - Fāṭimids (N Africa, Egypt, S Syria)
  - Mirdasids (N & Central Syria)
  - Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs (W Syria)
  - Ayyūbids (Egypt, Syria, Diyār Bakr, W Jazīra, Yemen)
  - Mamlūks (Egypt, Syria)
Subsequent Empires & Eras by Region
- North Africa & Iberian Peninsula
  - Idrīsids (Morocco)
  - Rustamids (Algeria)
  - Midrarids (Morocco)
  - Aghlabids (Ifrīqiya, Algeria, Sicily)
  - The Kalbids (Sicily)
  - Zirids & Hammādids (Tunisia, E Algeria)
  - Almoravids or al-Murābiṭūn (NW Africa, Spain)
  - Almohads or al-Muwaḥiddūn (N Africa, Spain)
  - Mulūk al-Ṭawāʾif/Reyes de Taifas (Central & Southern Spain)
  - Banū Ghāniya (Balearic Islands)
  - Naṣrids or Banū al-Aḥmar (Granada)
  - Marīnids (N Africa)
  - ʿAbd al-Wādids or Zayyānids (Algeria)
  - Hafsids (Tunisia, Algeria)
  - Wattāsids (Morocco, Central Maghrib)
  - Saʿdid Sharīfs (Morocco)
  - ʿAlawid or Filalī Sharīfs (Morocco)
  - Husaynid Beys (Tunisia)
  - The Qaramanlīs (Tripolitania)
  - Sanūsī Chiefs an Rulers (Sudan, Libya)
- Iraq, Jazīra, Lebanon
  - Hamdānids (Jazīra, N. Syria)
  - Mazyadids (Ḥilla, Central Iraq)
  - Marwānids (Diyār Bakr)
  - The ʿUqaylids (Iraq, Jazīra, N Syria)
  - Numayrids (Ḥarrān, Sarūj, Qalʿat Jaʿbar, Raqqa)
  - Maʾn Amīrs (S Lebanon)
  - Shihāb Amīrs (Lebanon)
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Carmathian (Qarmaṭī) Rulers (Syria, Iraq, E Arabia)
  - Zaydī Imāms (Yemen: Ṣaʿda, Ṣanʿāʾ)
  - Ziyādids (Yemen: Zabīd)
  - Yuʿfirids (Yemen: Ṣanʿāʾ, Janad)
  - Najāhids (Yemen: Zabīd)
  - Ṣulayhids (Yemen: Ṣanʿāʾ, Dhū Jibla)
  - Zurayʿids or Banū ʾl-Karam (S Yemen: Aden)
  - Hamdānids (N Yemen: Ṣanʿāʾ)
  - Mahdids (Yemen: Zabīd)
  - Rasūlids (S Yemen, Tihāma: Taʿizz)
  - Ṭāhirds (S Yemen, Tihāma: al-Miqrāna, Juban)
  - Āl al-Julanda (Oman)
  - Mukramids (Coastal Oman)
  - Yaʿrubids (Oman: Rustāq)
  - Āl Bū Saʿīd (Oman: Muscat; Zanzibar)
  - Āl Saʿūd (Najd, Ḥijāz, modern Saudi Arabia)
  - Hāshimite Sharīfs (Mecca, Ḥijāz, Fertile Crescent)
  - Āl Rashīd (N Najd)
- West Africa
  - Keita Kings (Mali, N Guinea, Gambia, Senegal)
  - Kings of Songhay (Mali: Savannah Zone)
  - Rulers of Kanem & Bornu (E-Central Sudan)
  - Fulānī Rulers in Hausaland, Sokoto (N Nigeria, Niger Valley)
- East Africa & Horn of Africa
  - Sultans of Kilwa (Tanzanian coastland)
  - Nabhānī Rulers of Pate (Island of Pate, modern Kenyan coastland)
  - Mazrūʿī Liwalis of Mombasa (Mobasa, Pemba Island)
  - Āl Bū Saʿīd (Zanzibar & E Africa coastland)
  - Sultans of Harar (SE Ethiopia)
- Western Persia, Central Asia & the Fertile Crescent
  - Sharwan Shāhs (E Transcaucasia: Yazīdiyya)
  - Hāshimids (Bāb Abwāb/Darband and its hinterland)
  - Justānids (Daylam: Rūdbār-Shāh Rūd valleys)
  - Sājids (Azerbaijan)
  - Musāfirids or Sallārids (Daylam: Ṭārum and Samīran; Azerbaijan; Arrān)
  - Rawwādids (Azerbaijan: Tabrīz)
  - Shāddādids (Arrān, E. Armenia)
  - Dulafids (Central Jibāl: Karaj)
  - Būyids or Buwayhids (N, W, S Persia; Iraq)
  - Ḥasanūyids or Ḥasanawayhid (S Kurdistan)
  - ʿAnnāzids (S Kurdistan, Luristān)
  - Kākūyids or Kākawayhids (Jibāl & Kurdistan)
  - Dābūyid Ispahbadhs (Gīlān; Rūyān, Ṭabaristān coastlands: Sārī)
  - Bāwandid Ispahbadhs (Ṭabaristan, Gīlān highlands)
  - Ziyārids (Ṭabaristan, Gurgān)
  - Seljuqs (Persia, Iraq, Syria)
  - Börids or Būrids (Damascus, S Syria)
  - Zangids (Jazīra & Syria)
  - Begtiginids (NE Iraq, Kurdistan: Irbīl; N Syria: Ḥarrān)
  - Luʾluʾids (Mosul & Jazīra)
  - Artuqids (Diyār Bakr)
  - Shāh-i Armanids (E Anatolia: Akhlāṭ)
  - Aḥmadīlīs (Azerbaijan: Marāgha, Rūʾīn Diz)
  - Eldigüzids or Ildegizids (Azerbaijan, Arrān, N Jibāl)
  - Bādūspānis (Caspian coastlands: Rūyan, Rustamdār)
  - Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs in Persia (Persian mountainous regions Alamūt)
  - Hazāraspids (Luristān)
  - Salghurids (Fars)
  - Atabegs (Yazd)
  - Qutlughkhānids (Kirmān)
  - Maliks of Nīmrūz (Sīstān)
- Eastern Persia, Central Asia & the Fertile Crescent
  - Ṭāhirids & Muṣʿabids (Khurāsān, Iraq: Baghdad)
  - Sāmānids (Transoxania, Khurāsān)
  - Ṣaffārids (Sīstān, Persia, E Afghanistan)
  - Bānījūrids or Abū Dāwūddids (Balkh, Ṭukhāristān)
  - Sīmjūrids (Khurāsān, Quhistān)
  - Ilyāsids (Kirman)
  - Muḥtājids (Khurāsān, Chaghāniyān)
  - Khwārazm Shāhs (Khwārazm)
  - Qarakhānids (Transoxania, Farghāna, Semirechye, E Turkestan)
- Persia: After the Mongols
  - Karts or Kurts (E Khurāsān, N Afghanistan)
  - Muẓaffarids (S, W Persia)
  - Injuʾids (Fars)
  - Jalāyrids (Iraq, Kurdistan, Azerbaijan)
  - Sarbadārids (W Khurāsān)
  - Tīmūrids (Transoxania, Persia)
  - Qara Qoyunlu (E Anatolia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, W Persia)
  - Aq Qoyunlu (Diyār Bakr, E Anatolia, Azerbaijan, W. Persia, Fars, Kirman)
  - Mushaʾshaʾids (SW Persia: ʿArabistān)
  - Ṣafavids (Persia)
  - Afshārids (Persia)
  - Zands (Persia, except Khurāsān)
  - Qājārs (Persia)
  - Pahlavīs (Persia)
- Anatolia
  - Seljuqs of Rūm (W-Central Anatolia: Konya; most of Anatolia)
  - Dānishmendids (N-Central Anatolia; E Anatolia)
  - Mengüjekids (N Anatolia: Erzincan, Divriği, Kemakh)
  - Saltuqis (E Anatollia: Erzurum)
  - Qarasī or Karasī Oghullarï (SW Anatolia)
  - Ṣarukhān Oghullarï (W Anatolia)
  - Aydïn Oghullari (W Anatolia)
  - Menteshe Oghullarï (SW Anatolia)
  - Inanj Oghullarï (SW Anatolia: Deñizli)
  - Germiyān Oghullari (W Anatolia)
  - Ṣāḥib Atā Oghullarï (W-Central Anatolia)
  - Ḥamīd Oghullarï & Tekke Oghullarï (W-Central Anatolia, SW coastland)
  - Beys of Alanya (S Anatolia coastland)
  - Ashraf or Eshref Oghullari (S-Central Anatolia)
  - Jāndār Oghullarï or Isfandiyār Oghullarï (Black Sea coastland)
  - Parwāna Oghullarï (Black Sea coast: Sinop)
  - Chobān Oghullarï (Kastamonu/Qasṭamūnī)
  - Qaramān Oghullarï (S-Central Anatolia, Mediterranean coastland)
  - Eretna Oghullarï (NE Anatolia)
  - Qāḍī Burhān al-Dīn Oghullarï (NE Anatolia)
  - Tāj al-Dīn Oghullarï (Black Sea Coast hinterland: Canik/Jānīk)
  - Ramaḍan Oghullarï (Cilicia, Little Armenia)
  - Dulghadïr Oghullarï or Dhū ʾl-Qadrids (SE Anatolia)
  - Ottomans (NW Anatolia, Balkans, MENA, Eritrea)
- Central Asia, Far East & Eastern Europe
  - Mongols & the later Yüan Dynasty of China (Mongolia, China)
  - Chaghatayids (Transoxania; Mogholistan: Semirechye, E Turkestan)
  - Il Khānids (Persia, Iraq, E & Central Anatolia)
  - Khāns of the Golden Horde (W Siberia, Khwārazm, S Russia)
  - Giray Khāns (Crimea, S Ukraine)
  - Khāns of Astrakhān (Lower Volga & adjacent steppelands)
  - Khāns of Qāzān (Middle Volga)
  - Khāns of Qāsimov (Ryazan to SE of Moscow)
- Central Asia & Afghanistan: After the Mongols
  - Shïbānids (or Shaybānids) or Abū ʾl-Khayrids (Transoxania, N Afghanistan)
  - Toqay Temürids or Jānids or Ashtarkhānids (Transoxania, N Afghanistan)
  - Mangïts (Khanate of Bukhārā)
  - Qungrats or Ïnaqids (Khanate of Khīva)
  - Mings (Khanate of Khoqand)
- Indian Subcontinent & Afghanistan
  - Ghaznavids (Afghanistan, Khurāsān, Baluchistan, NW India)
  - Ghūrids (Ghūr, Khurāsān, NW India)
  - Delhi Sultans (N India, N Deccan)
  - Sultans of Bengal (Bengal, Bihār)
  - Sultans of Kashmir (Kashmir)
  - Sultans of Gujarāt (W India)
  - Sharqī Sultans of Jawnpur (E-Central, N India)
  - Sultans & Rulers of Mālwa (Central India)
  - Sultans of Maʿbar or Madura (S Deccan)
  - Bahmanids (N Deccan)
  - Fārūqī Rulers of Khāndesh (NW Deccan)
  - Barīd Shāhīs (Bīdar)
  - ʿĀdil Shāhīs (Bījapur)
  - Niẓām Shāhīs (Aḥmadnagar)
  - ʿImād Shāhīs (Berār)
  - Quṭb Shāhīs (Golconda-Muḥammadnagar)
  - Arghūns (Multan & Sind)
  - Mughal Emperors (India)
  - Nawwāb-Viziers & Nawwāb-Nāẓims (Bengal)
  - Nawwāb-Viziers & Kings of Qudh (Awadh) (N India)
  - Niẓāms of Hyderabad (S India)
  - Muslim Rulers in Mysore (S India)
  - Abdālī or Durrānī Rulers & Kings (Afghanistan)
- SE Asia & Indonesia
  - Rulers of Malacca (SW Coast of Malay peninsula)
  - Sultans of Aceh (N Sumatra)
  - Rulers of Mataram (Central Java)
  - Susuhanans of Surakarta (Central Java)
  - Sultans of Jogjakarta (S-Central Java)
  - Sultans of Brunei (N Borneo)

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Historical Primary Sources
- Qurʾān
- Legal Treatises (Fiqh)
- Legal Maxims Treatises (Qawāʿid al-Fiqh)
- Jurisprudential Treatises (Uṣūl al-Fiqh)
- Judicial Procedure Manuals (Adab al-Qāḍī)
- Judicial Biographies (Akhbār al-Quḍāt)
- Ḥadīth (Prophetic Reports)
- Genizah Papyri
- Fatwās – Historical
- Court Records
- Archival Documents
- Books
Contemporary Primary Sources
- Administrative Decisions
- Advisory Opinions
- Constitutions
- Court Cases
- Fatwās - Contemporary
- Government Statements
- Governmental / Committee Reports
- Nongovernmental Reports
- Legislation
- Open Letters
Sources By School
- Sunnī Law
- Shīʿī Law (Imāmī)
- Ibāḍī Law
- Ismāʿīlī Law
- Zaydī Law
- Salafīs and Other
Other Legal Documents
- Amicus Briefs
- Arbitration Decisions
- Case Briefs
- Forms
Special Collections
- Country Profiles
- Source Documents
- Islamic Law Lexicon
- Islamic Law Teaching
- Maps
- Book Lists

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