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This pivotal memorandum of understanding established a ceasefire between the Government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka), whereby both sides acknowledged a ceasefire was the only way to properly rebuild Aceh after the tsunami of 26 December 2004. It grants regional autonomy and rule of law to the people of Aceh, as well as greater economic autonomy, and greater access to the proceeds of Aceh's many natural resources (70 per cent). It directs all Indonesian military and police force of the "non-organic" variety, to leave Aceh, while requiring Free Aceh Movement armaments to be completely decommissioned by 31 December 2005. It also allows for a team of international observers (from the European Union and ASEAN) to monitor the implementation of the requirements of the MoU.

A Toledan man named Ibn Ḥātim was accused of being a heretic by sixty witnesses on the initiative of a fellow Toledan called Ibn Labīd al-Murābiṭ. The judge consulted with the local jurists, and following their legal opinions, he sentenced the accused to death. However, he granted the accused the right to challenge the witnesses (iʿdhār). Ibn Ḥātim escaped from Toledo and found refuge in the neighboring kingdom of Badajoz. Ibn Labīd went after him, carrying a copy of the judge’s sentence (tasjīl) along with the legal opinions of a number of non-Toledan jurists. In Badajoz, the ruler withdrew his support from Ibn Ḥātim, who fled again, this time to Cordoba. While in Cordoba, the “moral” police arrested Ibn Ḥātim, and the judge imprisoned him, giving him two months to prove his innocence. Unable to do so, Ibn Ḥātim was crucified alive. A number of legal issues arise in the course of this case: should the process of iʽdhār—the right to challenge witnesses—be granted to those accused of heresy (zandaqa)? Should refuge be granted to them? What happens with the estate or inheritance of an executed zindīq? Can a judge reverse a sentence given by another judge? The source is a collection of court cases by Andalusi scholar Ibn Sahl (d. 486/1093), and it is based on information directly available to the compiler, who was also a witness of most of the events described.

Biography of Mālikī jurist and theologian Abū ʿUmar Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Barr (368/978–463/1071), known as Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr.

This source is part of the Online Companion to the print edition al-Muwaṭṭaʾ, the Royal Moroccan Edition: The Recension of Yaḥyā Ibn Yaḥyā al-Laythī (Harvard Series in Islamic Law), edited and translated by Mohammad Fadel and Connell Monette (PIL/HUP, 2019).

Biography of Mālikī jurist Yaḥyā b. Yaḥyā al-Laythī (152/769–234/848).

This source is part of the Online Companion to the print edition al-Muwaṭṭaʾ, the Royal Moroccan Edition: The Recension of Yaḥyā Ibn Yaḥyā al-Laythī (Harvard Series in Islamic Law), edited and translated by Mohammad Fadel and Connell Monette (PIL/HUP, 2019).

[Sharifian Decree of May 16, 1930] 919 Jarīda Rasmiyya 1322 (June 6, 1930): As the famous “Berber Decree,” this conferred official legitimacy to the Berber jamaʿas and their chiefs for civil matters (Article One), while Article Six notoriously called for all penal matters within Berber jurisdictions to be adjudicated in French courts. Although this Decree became renowned for the intense reaction it provoked in the nascent nationalist milieu, most of its stipulations (including Article Six) were never implemented.